Small Island Developing States

L-R: Adrian Fenton, Fiji and International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD); Nilesh Prakash, Fiji; Anne Hammill, IISD and National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Global Network; Patricia Fuller, Ambassador for Climate Change, Canada; and Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister, Fiji, and COP 23 President The following events were covered by IISD Reporting Services on Wednesday, 12 December 2018: Launch of Fiji’s First National Adaptation Plan Forests First – From 10 Years REDD+ to the Full Scope of Nature-Based Climate Solutions Speeding up the Cooldown: Scaling up Regenerative Solutions to Climate Change Clean and Renewable Energy, and Energy Efficiency Photos by IISD/ENB | Natalia Mroz / Diego Noguera For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Launch of Fiji’s First National Adaptation Plan Presented by the Government of Fiji in collaboration with the National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Global Network L-R: Adrian Fenton, Fiji and IISD; Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister, Fiji, and COP 23 President; Patricia Fuller, Ambassador for Climate Change, Canada; and Anne Hammill, IISD and NAP Global Network This side event convened to launch and illustrate Fiji’s new NAP, which sets out the country’s long-term ambitions for building the island’s resilience to climate change, and was developed with support from the NAP Global Network. Moderator Ilisapeci Vakacegu, Fiji, opened the event. Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister, Fiji, and COP 23 President, highlighted that the first Fijian NAP encompasses a holistic adaptation strategy with a vision to achieve a climate-resilient development pathway, which enables Fiji to anticipate, reduce, and manage environmental and climate risks caused by climate variability. He underscored the need to address Fiji’s challenges, citing the devastating impact of the 2016 Tropical Cyclone Winston, including through: ensuring a systematic approach in all decision-making processes, with a focus on fisheries, biodiversity and agriculture; strengthening multi-stakeholder collaboration; relocating communities threatened by sea level rise; and mobilizing adequate resources for adaptation. Stressing the need to address the root causes of climate change, Bainimarama said that Fiji and the Marshall Islands were the first two nations in the world to commit to increase their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). He concluded by highlighting his hope that this NAP will become an unstoppable force for accelerating climate action in the country and beyond. Patricia Fuller, Ambassador for Climate Change, Canada, said that the country assisted small island developing states (SIDS) and coastal regions combat the impacts of climate change during its G7 Presidency in 2018. She highlighted Canada’s commitment on climate finance totalling CAD 2.65 billion over five years, as a way to increase collective commitment to and actions on climate change in developing countries. She highlighted Canada’s CAD 4 million contribution to the NAP Global Network to help facilitate peer learning and exchange, build capacities of developing countries to implement NAPs, and promote implementation of the Paris Agreement. She added that Canada has also provided CAD 30 million to the Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) for adaptation projects, administered by the Green Environment Facility (GEF), and an additional CAD 10 million to support the improvement of early warning systems in some of the most vulnerable communities. Fuller underscored the importance of addressing the health of oceans, saying that oceans play an important role in “regulating” the global climate system. Congratulating Fiji for the launch of their NAP, she called for enhanced continued support for implementing the NAP, which, she said, would be a great input to the Talanoa Dialogue. Anne Hammill, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) and the NAP Global Network, presented on the importance of the NAP processes as the foundation for transformation, addressing the urgency of acting upon adaptation through driving coordination and scaling up actions. She outlined the NAP Global Network’s work on: facilitating sustained South-South peer learning and exchange; supporting national-level action by providing technical support to countries; enhancing bilateral cooperation; and communications and knowledge production. Noting that more than 116 countries have joined the NAP Global Network and that 31 countries have received direct technical support, Hammill stressed the Network’s crucial role in the NAP development process and its implementation. She concluded by highlighting that Fiji’s ambition to develop its NAP demonstrates how countries can move from vision to defining priorities on adaptation. Adrian Fenton, Fiji and IISD, stressed that the NAP document was developed through extensive consultation with Fijians, and reflects their priorities for adaptation action that will preserve Fiji’s society, economy, and way of life. He outlined its five priorities on: climate change management; horizontal integration; vertical integration; climate change awareness and knowledge; and resource mobilization. He also described the NAP development process, which involved multi-stakeholder consultations in Fiji, facilitated identification of adaptation challenges in local communities, and gaining common understanding among stakeholders that adaptation entails ensuring the resilience of communities. He concluded by emphasizing the importance of ensuring that the NAP becomes a catalogue for all climate actions contributing to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In the ensuing discussion, panelists, responding to a question about the important linkages of the Fiji’s NAP with other areas such as desertification, explained that relevant international frameworks, such as the Sendal Framework for Disaster Risk Management and Biodiversity Action Plans, are already integrated into Fiji’s NAP. In concluding remarks, Shivanal Kumar, Fiji, thanked all partners for their contribution to the successful launch of Fiji’s NAP, and called for further support to deliver its effective implementation. Frank Bainimarama, COP23 President and Prime Minister, Fiji Patricia Fuller, Ambassador for Climate Change, Canada Anne Hammill, IISD and NAP Global Network Adrian Fenton, Fiji and IISD Moderator Ilisapeci Vakacegu, Fiji Shivanal Kumar, Fiji A participant takes a photo Participants listen to the presentations Participants at the event CONTACTS Ziona Eyob, IISD | zeyob@iisd.ca MORE INFORMATION http://www.napglobalnetwork.org/ Forests First – From 10 Years of REDD+ to the Full Scope of Nature-Based Climate Solutions Presented by the UN-REDD Programme Posted by IISD Reporting Services on Thursday, 13 December 2018 The side event presented forests as the leading front in nature-based climate solutions, building on 10 years of wide-ranging work around REDD+. Informed by the expertise of practitioners in a variety of fields, the event highlighted partnerships for transformative policy reform, innovative financial instruments, and emerging technologies that contribute to forest conservation and restoration. Mario Boccucci, Head, UN-REDD Programme Secretariat, moderated the event. Maria Helena Semedo, Deputy Director-General, Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN (FAO), noted that forests constitute the most powerful and cost-effective solution to climate change, stressing that in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, actions to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity at the community level must be accelerated and scaled up. She mentioned that one quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions comes from land use, highlighting its capacity to be part of the solution through carbon sequestration. Semedo underscored that halting deforestation and fostering sustainable management of forests is important for meeting SDGs 13 (climate action) and 15 (life on land), and stressed the importance of sharing information and experiences, innovations in technology and finance, and partnership, and called for unlocking the potential for nature-based climate solutions sooner rather than later. Fabiola Muñoz Dodero, Minister of Environment, Peru, noted that REDD+ puts the focus on the important values that forests provide for people and systems, and brings civil society, indigenous peoples and other relevant stakeholders together to work towards a common goal. She highlighted that REDD+ projects have helped Peru finalize their process of land titling for indigenous peoples. She highlighted that in Peru’s climate agenda, forests take up half of the discussions and underscored that managing forests creates shared value for the people, especially to communities involved in its management. She noted that sustainable investment is needed, and expressed her hope that forests can be a central part of political discussions in the coming years in Peru. Sveinung Rotevatn, Deputy Minister for Climate and Environment, Norway, stressed that there is no solution to climate change without improving the way forests and land are used, pointing to an opportunity to reduce GHG emissions across all landscapes. He noted that the technologies for protecting forests are known and cost-effective but need to be scaled up through enhanced public policies, land regulations and fiscal incentives. He stressed the need for global agrobusiness to eliminate deforestation from their supply chains and the need to keep governments and businesses accountable. David Saah, Associate Professor and Director of Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco, noted that the challenges related to the collection of forest and land-use data include image resolution from satellites, getting field access, and the mapping of complex environments. He noted that with new technologies, these challenges can be tackled by analyzing remote sensing data from one location by one person. He explained that the accessibility of data has been increased and introduced the Collect Earth Online platform, which allows to better capture forest inventories, collect transparent reference data, create land cover maps, and summarize and distribute those data. Roselyn Fosuah Adjeh, Ag. Director Climate Change Directorate at Forestry Commission, Ghana, talked about South-South cooperation and shared experiences with other countries in Africa, stating that Ghana has had successes through learning experiences. She noted that these partnerships have helped them build a national forest monitoring system, and strengthen political will. She gave an example of lessons learned from Sudan’s progress in putting in place structures to enhance the gum arabic value chain and highlighted Ghana’s commitment to produce a win-win scenario, where the production of cocoa is intensified while keeping the forests healthy by addressing land-use planning at the subnational level and raising the profile of farmers. Pierre Rousseau, Senior Strategic Advisor for Sustainable Business, BNP Paribas Bank, introduced the Tropical Landscape Finance Facility, based on a cooperation between BNP Paribas and UN Environment, which helps Indonesia promote economic development and contribute to the country’s climate targets under the Paris Agreement. It does this by offering long-term finance to projects and companies that stimulate green growth, increase resilience, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. He noted that the purpose of the Facility is to improve livelihoods based on deforestation-free, economically-viable business models. He said that in terms of collaborative financing, bringing all actors together is a challenge. He explained that long-term investors are interested in the project because it helps them manage risk, and that blended finance can upgrade the rating of bonds up to AAA status and sell it to funds. He also highlighted the Sustainable India Finance Facility, wich supports the Zero Budget Natural Farming project in Andhra Pradesh where six million farmers are moving to zero fertilizer use, and stressed the need for good data in this regard. He concluded pointing to a pipeline of USD 15 billion of projects and said financing can reallocate money to the appropriate project. In the ensuing discussion, panelists responded to questions on traditional knowledge being an important component of the discussions, the costs of information and data, the sustainability of technologies, and capacity building. One panelist noted that there are no personal costs involved in data usage since data is provided for free, with the expectation that it will be used for the greater good. In concluding remarks, Boccucci noted that now is time to turn ambitions into actions incrementally, and that radical transformation at scale is urgent. Maria Helena Semedo, Deputy Director-General, FAO Fabiola Muñoz Dodero, Minister of Environment, Peru Moderator Mario Boccucci, Head, UN-REDD Programme Secretariat Speakers listen to introductory remarks Sveinung Rotevatn, Ministry of Climate and Environment, Norway L-R: Mario Boccuci, Head, UN-REDD Programme Secretariat; Roselyn Fosuah Adjeh, Ag. Director Climate Change Directorate at Forestry Commission, Ghana; Pierre Rousseau, Senior Strategic Advisor for Sustainable Business, BNP Paribas Bank; David Saah, Associate Professor and Director of Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco David Saah, Associate Professor and Director of Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco Roselyn Fosuah Adjeh, Ag. Director Climate Change Directorate at Forestry Commission, Ghana Pierre Rousseau, Senior Strategic Advisor for Sustainable Business, BNP Paribas Bank A participant takes notes at the event Participants pose questions Pierre Rousseau, Senior Strategic Advisor for Sustainable Business, BNP Paribas Bank; David Saah, Associate Professor and Director of Geospatial Analysis Lab, University of San Francisco CONTACTS Florian Eisele, UN-REDD | florian.eisele@un.org MORE INFORMATION http://www.un-redd.org/ Speeding up the Cooldown: Scaling up Regenerative Solutions to Climate Change Presented by Biovision, IFOAM-Organics International, the Organic Consumers Association (OCA), Regeneration International and Shumei International L-R: Hans Herren, President, Biovision Foundation, Switzerland; Mercedes López Martinez, Director, Vía Orgánica, Mexico; Moderator Precious Phiri, Founding Director, EarthWisdom Consulting Co., Zimbabwe; André Leu, International Director, Regeneration International, Australia; Barbara Hachipuka Banda, Founder and Director, Natural Agriculture Development Programme, Zambia; and Shamika Mone, Treasurer, Organic Farming Association of India (OFAI) This event focused on showcasing concrete “shovel-ready” solutions and frameworks to accelerate carbon sequestration, food sovereignty and biodiversity preservation. Panelists discussed efforts to scale up agroecology, consumer campaigns, true cost accounting and policy change to create resilient communities and ecosystems. Precious Phiri, Founding Director, EarthWisdom Consulting Co., Zimbabwe, moderated the event, noting that the solution to climate change lies in collective action. Shamika Mone, Treasurer, OFAI, said that India views climate change as a Western problem, but stressed that science points to global anthropogenic climate change. She underscored that the awareness in the country needs to be raised to ensure that people link climate change with food insecurity, water shortages, and relocations due to sea-level rise in coastal communities. Pointing to chronic drought in more than 100 districts and related farmer suicides, she drew attention to a water conservation “peoples’ movement” to address water shortages, and called attention to the role of rice paddies in controlling temperature. She highlighted the reintroduction of traditional rice varieties, noting that local governments are providing funding to small scale farmers to return to traditional organic paddy farming, with climate co-benefits. André Leu, International Director, Regeneration International, Australia, explained the urgency of climate change in the agriculture sector, stressing that at 1°C of warming, the earth is already experiencing unprecedented heat waves and flooding events. He underscored that the soil is the second largest CO2 reservoir after the ocean, and underlined the need to sequester 17Gt of carbon per year. He described pasture cropping, which increases soil nutrients while also sequestering 80Gt of carbon per year. He also highlighted Biologically Enhanced Agricultural Management (BEAM) which can be applied at any level of agriculture and has high sequestration potential; and drew attention to regenerative or holistic grazing, noting that all these agricultural practices would reverse climate change. Mercedes López Martinez, Director, Vía Orgánica, Mexico, noted the there is no civilization without migration, but highlighting that current migration is also due to climate impacts, which have an impact on food security, poverty, and unemployment. She shared experiences of aligning migration with regeneration practices, noting that these projects employ migrants in agroecological projects in the Chiapas region and elsewhere, noting that these traditional agricultural practices are organic and sustainable. She highlighted regenerative projects that are replicable, as they generate income, and offer social regeneration by strengthening the community fabric. Stating that the African farmer is overlooked, Barbara Hachipuka Banda, Founder and Director, Natural Agriculture Development Programme, Zambia, she stressed the need for more investment in agriculture. She shared that there was a lack of access to farming inputs and that women were excluded from the development conversations before her organization partnered with Shumei International, and highlighted partnerships with Regeneration International to enhance climate co-benefits, as well as address poverty and hunger. Noting that many times there is a lack of community ownership, she stressed that the “community is the project” and is the change factor in the whole climate change-agriculture equation. She described the no-cost farming initiative servicing over 5000 farmers in Zambia, the Gambia and Malawi, that encourages natural agriculture methods including mulching, land management, and utilizing cooperative models to enhance market access. She said drawing down carbon needs to be based on the partnerships and infrastructure support to push the initiative to scale and really make a difference. Hans Herren, President, Biovision Foundation, Switzerland, discussed success factors for implementation, noting the need for momentum to drive the positive changes we hear about. He highlighted the Push-Pull Technology which reintroduces ecosystem services that have been replaced by machines. Stressing that the soil is a solution to the raising temperatures as well as food security, he said that once the soil is healthy the land becomes more resilient to drought and flooding. Outlining success factors for upscaling change in the climate-agriculture sphere, he called for: an inclusive process, which is needs-driven and multi-stakeholder in nature; long-term programmes as opposed to short-term projects, which points to a need for transformation policy; and partnerships among NGOs that pool resources together to implement common goals of food security. He stressed that agriculture and food systems are the key to achieving climate change goals, but lamented that the UNFCCC process will take years to get “just the paperwork in order” and called for a paradigm shift in our approach to climate change, by connecting Nationally Determined Contributions to the Sustainable Development Goals. In the discussion, participants, inter alia, queried the role of corporations in regenerative practices; called for information on how to measure farmers’ contribution to carbon sequestration; and highlighted the need for value-chain fairness to ensure farmers get a fair price. L-R: Moderator Precious Phiri, Founding Director, EarthWisdom Consulting Co., Zimbabwe; Shamika Mone, Treasurer, OFAI; Mercedes López Martinez, Director, Vía Orgánica, Mexico; Barbara Hachipuka Banda, Founder and Director, Natural Agriculture Development Programme, Zambia; Hans Herren, President, Biovision Foundation, Switzerland; and André Leu, International Director, Regeneration International, Australia Moderator Precious Phiri, Founding Director, EarthWisdom Consulting Co., Zimbabwe Shamika Mone, Treasurer, OFAI Mercedes López Martinez, Director, Vía Orgánica, Mexico André Leu, International Director, Regeneration International, Australia Barbara Hachipuka Banda, Founder and Director, Natural Agriculture Development Programme, Zambia Hans Herren, President, Biovision Foundation, Switzerland Daniele Cesano, Global Climate Action Florence Reed, Sustainable Harvest International Participants listen to Barbara Hachipuka Banda’s address CONTACT Brianne Chai-Onn | chaionnb@shumei-international.org MORE INFORMATION https://attend-emea.broadcast.skype.com/en-US/2a6c12ad-406a-4f33-b686-f78ff5822208/3e5459a4-610c-4420-a53c-ce44effe1b35/player?cid=4sqxjsfjgrivvxbtjegevc7zgfptvtdftp57eldaqu7an52ajsoq&rid=EMEA (click on join the event) http://shumei-international.org/speed-up-the-cool-down-scaling-up-regenerative-solutions-to-climate-change/ http://www.biovision.ch http://www.shumei-international.org http://www.ifoam.org http://www.regenerationinternational.org Clean and Renewable Energy, and Energy Efficiency Presented by the State of Qatar A family photo of the Qatar delegation This event concerned the impacts of climate change in Qatar as well as various efforts which have been made by state and private partners to drive a transition towards renewable energy and energy efficiency across the country, given that, at present, Qatar maintains oil and gas as significant presences in its energy mix. Mohammed Al-Bader, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar, moderated the event.  Veronica Bermudez, Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), presented on the potential effects of climate change on energy security in Qatar, as well as the research and development initiatives which have worked to mitigate negative impacts. Qatar, she noted, has a large energy sector, primarily concerned with oil and gas and noted the importance of reducing the country’s dependence on thermally-generated electric power by developing a clean energy portfolio. In particular, she described solar photovoltaics (PV) as a viable solution to this challenge, given that the country-level profiles of energy consumption are well-suited to the supply of solar power theoretically available. Raising the country’s target for 20% PV adoption by 2030, she said that water desalinization is a significant driver of energy demand in Qatar, and that any low-carbon energy pathway needs to account for its presence. Abdul Aziz Al-Hammadi, Qatar General Electricity and Water Corporation (KAHRAMAA), presented on the theoretical demand for solar energy use in the Qatari energy mix. He mentioned that renewables’ presence has risen rapidly in the global energy landscape, and that solar PV will be more competitive and reach grid parity by 2030; meanwhile, fossil fuels will then no longer be profitable because of increased social and technical costs. He outlined Qatar’s commitments to: diversify its energy sources; decrease its dependency on natural gas; and lower its greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. He also described the construction of a mega solar plant near Al-Kharsaa, which is projected to have a capacity of 700 MW by 2022. Al-Hammadi also described the issuance of a renewable energy policy, which will include feed-in tariffs for private citizens, and concluded by mentioning Qatar’s continued commitment to the creation of a renewable energy portfolio which can satisfy the needs of its citizens. Maksymilian Kochanski, Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia, Poland, reported back on the results of a research project concerning smart cities and behavioural changes as efforts to generate energy efficiency. He said that the “Step By Step” project was a pan-European project to encourage energy conservation behaviours by presenting homeowners with data about what practices their neighbours were adopting to reduce their energy use, thereby creating social pressure to adopt energy-efficient practices. The study found that after one year, one-third of commitments towards these practices were still being upheld. He explained the theory of social “nudges,” where behavioral change can be achieved not by imposing rules, but merely by informing citizens of the impacts of their actions and how they stand in comparison to their neighbours. The project concluded that: adopting energy-efficient home practices did make a significant difference in energy-related bills; increased knowledge in the community; avoided CO2 emissions; and lowered costs related to morbidity which would have occurred from the additional pollution. In other words, he explained, "it is possible to get a real decrease in energy consumption by using social pressure to put energy efficiency first." Abdulhadi Nasser Almarri, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar, gave a presentation which explored recent efforts on the governmental level related to climate change adaptation and mitigation. He began by presenting Qatar’s National Climate Policy, detailing its objectives to: diversify economic pathways; reduce GHG emissions; create a new, dedicated department on climate change; and raise public awareness. He listed different adaptation measures being considered, including: greening and landscaping efforts; building wastewater treatment infrastructure; and increased coastal zone management efforts. He also described Qatar’s recent mitigation efforts, including: reducing gas flaring during extraction processes; an increased focus on renewable energy production; energy efficiency and reduction efforts; and carbon capture and sequestration efforts. Almarri concluded by presenting Qatar’s Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement, highlighting its vision to “achieve socio-economic development with the basis of social justice and balanced cooperation between private and public activity.”  In Q&A sessions throughout the event, panelists answered questions about: other oil-producing countries’ CO2 emissions; the dynamics of water desalinization and electricity production; whether solar PV production fits to supply Qatar’s energy demands; technical specifications of solar farms; the factors which can influence energy demand; and the necessary transition measures between high- and low-carbon energy systems. L-R: Veronica Bermudez, QEERI; Abdulhadi Nasser Almarri and Ahmed Mohammad Al Sada, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar; Abdul Aziz Al-Hammadi, KAHRAMAA; and Maksymilian Kochanski, Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia Moderator Mohammed Al-Bader, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar Veronica Bermudez, QEERI Mohcine Bakhat, Morocco Abdul Aziz Al-Hammadi, KAHRAMAA Justice Zvaita, Zimbabwe Maksymilian Kochanski, Research and Innovation Centre Pro-Akademia Khalid Ahmed Abdelhafez, Sudan Abdulhadi Nasser Almarri, Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar Panelists and participants during the event Panelists receive tokens of appreciation from Ahmed Mohammad Al Sada. Ministry of Municipality and Environment, Qatar Participants from Sudan during the discussion A bird’s eye view of the Qatar pavilion during the event CONTACTS Mohammed Al-Bader | mobader@mme.gov.qa MORE INFORMATION http://www.mme.gov.qa/cui/index.dox?siteID=2 Around the Venue

The following events were covered by IISD Reporting Services on Tuesday, 11 December 2018: NDC Partnership: Taking Action to Raise Climate Ambition in LDCs and SIDS through NDCs and Long-Term Strategies Low-Emissions Solutions Conference (LESC): High-Level Dinner Dialogue Photos by IISD/ENB | Natalia Mroz / Diego Noguera For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page NDC Partnership: Taking Action to Raise Climate Ambition in LDCs and SIDS through NDCs and Long-Term Strategies Presented by the Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI) L-R: Dolf Gielen, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA); Al-Hamdou Dorsouma, African Development Bank (AfDB); Jenny Kim, GGGI; and Moderator Orestes Anastasia, GGGI This event included senior government officials from Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS) who have championed mitigation measures in their countries, showcasing examples of projects for raising mitigation ambitions through Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) and long-term strategies. In the first part of the event, Orestes Anastasia, GGGI, moderated a panel discussion on the topic. In the second part, participants engaged in a dialogue on national and international mitigation ambitions. Jean Pierre Mugabo, Ministry of Environment, Rwanda, set the scene for his country by mentioning that Rwanda is a small, developing state and has low greenhouse gas emissions compared to the global average. He addressed Rwanda’s ambitions to improve climate resilience by creating inclusive pathways to growth, centered on initiatives in the energy, agriculture transport; land use and forestry sectors. He pointed to Rwanda’s Green Forest Policy, which aims to convert significant amounts of agricultural land back to forests through agroforestry management techniques by 2024. Mugabo concluded by mentioning the importance of partnerships with other organizations, including the NDC Partnership, the GGGI, and local and regional knowledge groups, to monitor the impacts of climate change and reduce vulnerabilities to these impacts.  Jenny Kim, GGGI, stated that investment in green sectors facilitates job creation and increases productivity, contributing to economic growth. She showcased GGGI’s collaboration with partner countries to materialize green growth in the field and help them develop ambitious NDCs and effectively implement them. Kim stressed that GGGI also assists countries in developing national green growth resilient strategies, as well as introducing and revising policies that combine economic growth and environmental sustainability. On the issue of ensuring finance for the implementation of countries’ strategies and ambitions, Kim underscored that GGGI helps partner countries establish a national financial vehicle. She highlighted examples of Rwanda’s Green Fund and Senegal’s national renewable energy and energy efficiency fund, and explained that GGGI helps with mobilizing finance for investment in the green sector, facilitating countries gain access to the Green Climate Fund. She reiterated the Institute’s commitment to continue working with SIDS to effectively implement a high level of NDCs. Dolf Gielen, IRENA, noted that 80% of NDCs include some sort of renewable energy targets with more than 40 countries mentioning adaptation and resilience building. He said that technological innovation is significant, showcasing IRENA’s analysis on renewables in the European Union, which shows that more renewables would be cost-effective today compared with 2014, given improvements in technology. Gielen highlighted IRENA’s collaboration with developed and developing countries as well as regional partnerships, and stressed that long-term energy planning should be based on sound modeling and the latest information available. He also noted the Agency’s efforts to enhance the policy framework and develop transition roadmaps for partner countries, and underscored the provision of project preparation support through their atlas of renewable potentials and guidelines for the development of bankable project proposals. He concluded by emphasizing the potential to increase the renewables component of NDCs and expressed IRENA’s commitment to provide the best possible information to countries that need it in to implement that potential. Al-Hamdou Dorsouma, AfDB, gave context for LDCs and SIDS in Africa, pointing out that most of them have submitted very ambitious targets for mitigation by 2030 compared with other countries. What they need now, he said, is financial, technological and capacity-building support. He commented that commitments for adaptation in LDCs are too broad and too vague compared to mitigation, and that more work needs to be done by countries to build implementation arrangements for adaptation within their NDCs. He brought up the AfDB’s efforts to help boost adaptation and resilience in Africa by promoting mitigation and lo- carbon development, aiming to create an enabling environment for the private sector to provide its own support. He announced that the Bank has decided to “stop supporting fossil fuel projects”. In the subsequent question-and-answer session, participants and panelists discussed: connecting the development objectives of LDCs and SIDS with their mitigation and adaptation targets; the difficulty of changing governments’ mindsets towards green growth and maintaining political momentum once projects are enacted; the necessity of private funds to help create an enabling environment across Africa; the difficulty of maintaining skilled personnel in the public sector; and what raising adaptation ambitions truly looks like. Some participants expressed doubts that financial institutions are moving too slowly to adequately support countries’ efforts, while others pointed to the availability of international finance as a potential solution. Moderator Orestes Anastasia, GGGI Jenny Kim, GGGI Participants listen to Jenny Kim’s address Jean Pierre Mugabo, Ministry of Environment, Rwanda A participant takes a photo of Jean Pierre Mugabo Dolf Gielen, IRENA Al-Hamdou Dorsouma, AfDB Pablo Vieira, World Resources Institute Paul Stevers, Kenya CONTACTS Orestes Anastasia | orestes.anastasia@gggi.org MORE INFORMATION http://gggi.org/ Low-Emissions Solutions Conference (LESC): High-Level Dinner Dialogue Presented by the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD), in collaboration with the Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN) and ICLEI – Local Government for Sustainability (ICLEI) Thelma Krug, Intergovernmental on Climate Change (IPCC) Vice-Chair The LESC dinner convened to facilitate open dialogue between business, government and academia on the role of land-use and natural climate solutions as an essential component of climate action. The event also focused on the land-energy nexus and its role in the transition to a low-carbon future. In his remarks, Gino van Begin, Secretary-General, ICLEI, emphasized the importance of this dinner in bringing together businesses, civil society, cities and research institutions, saying it sends an important signal to negotiators at COP 24 that these sectors can cooperate in developing climate solutions. He noted LESC’s relationship with the Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action and previous gatherings at the 2017 New York Climate Week and COP 23. He closed by challenging attendees to collectively find solutions that can help us raise our ambition and achieve the 1.5˚C temperature target. Maria Mendiluce, WBCSD, noted that from the outside, it always appears as though negotiations are progressing slowly. She stressed the importance of engaging with the public on the importance of addressing climate change, adding that businesses, cities and researchers are well placed for this due to established relationships with customers and citizens. Mendiluce also said that this dinner is specifically focused on natural climate solutions, which can affordably provide over 30% of the climate solution. Rasmus Valanko, WBCSD, Elena Crete, SDSN, and Yunus Arikan, ICLEI, co-moderated a dialogue on “Key Pathways to 1.5°C: The Role of the Land Sector in Ambitious Climate Action.” Thelma Krug, IPCC Vice Chair, citing the IPCC Special Report on 1.5°C (SR15), highlighted that climate change impacts and pathways should be addressed in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). She noted that the 1.5°C scenario requires rapid transitions in energy, land, ecosystems, and infrastructure, highlighting the need for an increase of 70-80% in renewable energy for electricity by 2050. Naoko Ishii, CEO and Chairperson, Global Environment Facility (GEF), underscored that transformation is key to catalyze the change to meet the 2°C scenario, if not 1.5°C. She highlighted the essential role of multi-stakeholder coalitions, including with governments, cities and academia, to move all decarbonization pathways forward. Ishii then pointed to the potential loss of nature’s ability to provide solutions, such asin the Amazon, which is approaching a “tipping point” as a carbon sink. Moderators opened the floor for participants to share examples of climate action. Felipe Villela, reNature Foundation, said his work involves restoration of degraded lands through agroforestry. Elim Sritaba, Asia Pulp and Paper, highlighted her company’s success in eliminating the use of natural forests for pulp production in 2013. Martin Frick, UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Secretariat, highlighted the recent charter signed with leading fashion companies and encouraged further collaborations of this kind. Andrew Cooper, Green Party Local Councillor, United Kingdom, shared a local project to plant over 1000 fruit trees that involved local children. Joan Krajewski, Microsoft, encouraged attendees to apply for their USD 50 million fund “AI for Earth” with innovative projects focusing on water, agriculture, biodiversity or climate change. Rebecca Heaton, Drax Group, described their demonstration project using bioenergy with carbon capture and storage, which is now capturing one tonne of CO2 per day. Flavia Bellaguarda, Youth Climate Leaders, shared her organization’s work to prepare youth for embarking on climate-focused careers. Adriana Facchiano, student, Moravian College, highlighted her university’s efforts to implement the SDGs at the local level through the Millennium Campus Network. In a session on scaling up natural climate solutions, Alema Bibi, WBCSD, introduced WBCSD’s video on natural climate solutions, which highlighted that natural climate solutions could offer up to 37% of the emission reductions needed between now and 2030 to limit global warming to 2°C. In an interactive dialogue, participants introduced best practices on multi-stakeholder coalitions, inter alia: a multi-stakeholder coalition’s efforts in São Paulo, Brazil, to address water pollution, especially by bringing money from the private sector; and a sewage system utilizing wastewater and land water in the same pipe, with large natural reserves in a town in Weststellingwerf, the Netherlands. Andreas Ahrens, IKEA, answering the question on how to reach 1 billion people to take climate actions in their home countries, said, “we need more, we can do more.” He underscored the need to invest in ensuring sustainable supply chains that integrate, for example, positive changes in land-use management while building resilience. On finance and innovation, Jennifer Morris, Conservation International, noting that only 2% of global climate finance goes to forests due to the lack of demand, highlighted the importance of carbon pricing and green bonds to get investors involved. She also said that now is “the age of adaptation,” and stressed the role of the media in raising awareness about the urgency to address climate change adaptation. In a second round of sharing climate actions. Victor Salviati, Sustainable Amazon Foundation, mentioned his organization’s efforts to engage indigenous and traditional communities for sustainable development in the Amazon. Ralf Pfitzner, Volkswagen Group, highlighted an upcoming electric vehicle that will have a carbon-neutral supply chain. Luc Bas, International Union for Conservation of Nature, called for more efforts to include nature-based solutions in cities. Bernhard Stormyr, Yara, stressed the need for restoring land degraded by agriculture and that agrobusiness can contribute to this. Jeremy Manion, Arbor Day Foundation, shared a reforestation initiative in Mississippi, US, and commended the role of the private sector in supporting such projects. Dario Abramskiehn, Climate Policy Initiative, talked about the The Lab, an incubator for climate finance solutions, which is open for idea submissions until 19 December 2018. Pierre Rousseau, BNP Paribas, highlighted their collaboration with the UN Environment Programme to finance agroforestry and agroecology projects. Tomasz Chruszczow, High-Level Climate Champion for COP 24, Poland, highlighted Poland as an example of the sustainability transition, from a country based on mining and heavy industry with high levels of pollution and environmental degradation to one moving towards a low-carbon economy. He cited the Polish Environment Protection Fund, created in 1989, as a key pillar of this transition. He also said that environmental services must be properly priced, noting that we have long taken the benefits of nature for granted. Chruszczow identified three words that are currently paramount in the negotiations: transition, collaboration and innovation. He closed by reinforcing the importance of circular economy approaches to reducing emissions in waste and industrial production. In his closing remarks, Martin Frick, UNFCCC Secretariat, called on all sectors to act with inspiration and not be limited in their ambition by what we currently know how to do right now, noting we must be planning for the decades ahead. He also stressed we must go beyond “sustainability,” which privileges the status quo, and be thinking more about “restoration.” Frick also said that farmers should be thought of as potential agents of change who help keep our life support systems working, both in terms of feeding the world and protecting nature. Elim Sritaba, Asia Pulp & Paper Andrew Cooper, Green Party, Local Councillor, UK Elena Crete, SDSN Ramus Valako, WBCSD Participants at the event Alfredo Sirkis, Fórum Brasileiro de Mudança do Clima, with Elena Crete, SDSN, and Ramus Valako, WBCSD Naoko Ishii, GEF CEO and Chairperson Yunus Arikan, ICLEI Adriana Facchiano, Millennium Campus Network Felipe Villela, reNature CONTACTS Elena Crete, SDSN | elena.crete@unsdsn.org MORE INFORMATION http://lowemissions.solutions/event/lesc-at-cop24-dinner

The following events were covered by IISD Reporting Services on Tuesday, 4 December 2018: Shocks and Stressors: Water’s Essential Role in Addressing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Island Resilience Initiative (IRI) From Science to Policy: Achieving the SDGs in a 1.5°C Warmer World Science and Policy Must Come Together to Successfully Implement Countries’ NDCs Making climate action more transparent and ambitious: lessons learned from the NDCs Community Based Adaptation in Islands: Recycling Plastic to Mitigate Climate Change Photos by IISD/ENB | Natalia Mroz / Diego Noguera For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page Shocks and Stressors: Water’s Essential Role in Addressing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Presented by the Stockholm International Water Institute (SIWI) and the World Water Council L-R: John Matthews, Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA); Cees van de Guchte, Deltares; Anil Mishra, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); Kenzo Hiroki, UN High-Level Experts and Leaders Panel on Water and Disasters; Karounga Keita, Wetlands International; Kevin Adams, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI); and Pasquale Cappizi, Arup This event focused on water as a mechanism for finding common ground within the disaster risk reduction (DRR) community. Moderated by John Matthews, Alliance for Global Water Adaptation (AGWA), it demonstrated how water can be a catalyst for action to confront new threats and existing long-term risks stemming from climate change. Cees van de Guchte, Deltares, highlighted the need for improving coherence between climate change adaptation and water-related DRR, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). He called for enhanced participation of DRR communities in climate processes. Outlining UNESCO’s Global Risk Landscape Report 2018, Anil Mishra, UNESCO, emphasized the importance of increasing the understanding of the finance community on this topic and addressing trade-offs while enhancing synergies between climate mitigation options and the SDGs. He highlighted his work on identifying the needs and risks of local communities, including monitoring floods and droughts, through a participatory approach. Kenzo Hiroki, UN High-Level Experts and Leaders Panel on Water and Disasters, highlighted that 95% of natural disasters are water related and that their impacts are felt disproportionately by low-income groups. He explained that while heavy rain often appears to be a local phenomenon, it is tied to global meteorological changes. He also suggested that DRR, water management and climate adaptation should not be treated as separate. Karounga Keita, Wetlands International, noted that the flood area of the Inner Niger Delta has decreased dramatically and, that concurrently, there has been steep growth in the population that depend on it for their livelihoods. He explained that this has led to increased water stress, with the region becoming the “epicentre of conflicts” in the region. Kevin Adams, Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI), stressed the evolving linkages between climate change adaptation and DRR, highlighting the work of the European Platform on Climate Adaptation and Risk Reduction (PLACARD), the Stockholm Climate and Security Hub, and the SEI Initiative on Transforming Development and Disaster Risk. He emphasized that water is the key mechanism to integrate the DRR agenda into the climate agenda. Pasquale Capizzi, Arup, outlined the importance of: reconciling shocks and stressors through improving understanding and communication; and engineering decision making and institutional settings by improving coherence between DRR, climate change and sectoral policies. During the discussion, participants reflected on the importance of considering the social and environmental costs of hydroelectric dams, and how pricing mechanisms may disadvantage the poor. Oclay Ünver, UN Water, provided closing remarks, emphasizing the need to think holistically, as neither the costs nor effects of water disasters are siloed. John Matthews, AGWA, moderated the event. Cees van de Guchte, Deltares, called for enhanced participation of DRR communities in climate processes. Anil Mishra, UNESCO, highlighted his work on identifying the needs and risks of local communities, including monitoring floods and droughts, through a participatory approach. Kenzo Hiroki, UN High-Level Experts and Leaders Panel on Water and Disasters, suggested that DRR, water management and climate adaptation should not be treated as separate. Karounga Keita, Wetlands International, noted that the Niger Delta is the “epicentre of conflicts” in the region. Kevin Adams, SEI, emphasized that water is the key mechanism to integrate DRR agenda into the climate agenda. Oclay Ünver, UN Water, addressed participants at the end of the event. Pasquale Capizzi, Arup, underscored the need to find an adequate planning scale for all local communities and to ensure finance for resilience projects. Participants listen to panelists CONTACT Ingrid Timboe (AGWA) | policy@alliance4water.org MORE INFORMATION http://www.globalwaterforum.org/ http://www.globalwaterforum.org/2018/12/02/mastering-disaster-in-a-changing-climate-reducing-disaster-risk-through-resilient-water-management/ Island Resilience Initiative (IRI) Presented by Pacific Islands Development Forum (PIDF) This event, moderated by Mark Borg, Team Leader, PIDF, considered the work of the Global Island Partnership’s (GLISPA) Island Resilience Initiative (IRI). In her video message, Kate Brown, Executive Director, GLISPA, highlighted that the President of Palau launched the IRI, with Fiji and the Marshall Islands, to strengthen implementation of community-based adaptation efforts, which align with nationally-led sustainability commitments by building public-private partnerships. She drew attention to the importance of the public-private partnership to support and track resilience and sustainability goals through enhancing resilience projects to implement the SIDS Accelerated Modalities of Action (SAMOA) Pathway, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the New Urban Agenda and the Paris Agreement. Stewart Sarkozy-Banoczy, IRI, spoke about the work of the Initiative so far, noting, in particular, funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) Small Grants Programme. He stressed that the IRI has created a definition of island resilience which includes traditional knowledge and multisectoral efforts, and noted that the IRI distills the big goals on the global agenda into six pillars to promote resilience: community, environment, energy, equity, food and water. Underlining the importance of enhancing resilience at the community level, François Martel, Secretary General, PIDF, described PIDF’s multi-stakeholder board and regional strategic plan, which aims to deliver community-based programmes through an online dashboard, linking the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate action into a single focus. He also spoke on the Island Resilience Partnership, a USD 100 million investment, which he described as a public-private partnership designed to support island communities to move towards renewable energy solutions. Arno Boersma, Aruba Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Development, spoke on the Centre’s Partnership with the IRI, noting that the Centre tries to help island nations to harness best practices from other programmes so as not to reinvent the wheel. He highlighted a number of the events the Centre has run to promote best practice in creating resilience, including on financing the resilience of island states and on promoting energy strategies for resilience. In the ensuing discussion, participants considered, inter alia: climate mitigation in SIDS; the Pacific Climate Treaty which focuses on mitigation, and loss and damage; the importance of promoting and implementing sustainable, circular economy solutions; how to communicate the impact of the IRI; and the importance of country ownership of the IRI to promote sustainability. Mark Borg, PIDF, moderated the event François Martel, PIDF, Secretary General, PIDF, said that, for island states, resilience relates to the community, because “when a community is resilient, it can endure anything.” Participants at the event CONTACT Mark Borg, PIDF | mark.borg@pidf.int MORE INFORMATION http://www.glispa.org/11-commitments/203-islandresilience From Science to Policy: Achieving the SDGs in a 1.5°C Warmer World Presented by Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI), the German Committee Future Earth, the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the UN Office for South-South Cooperation (UNOSSC) L-R: Daniela Jacob, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); Bettina Schmalzbauer, Executive Director, German Committee Future Earth; Ione Anderson, Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI); Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR); Thelma Krug, IPCC Vice-Chair; and Douglas Leys, Green Climate Fund (GCF) The event focused on the impacts of limiting global warming to 1.5°C, and the avoided risks on ecosystems and human wellbeing compared to a 2°C scenario. The discussions highlighted cooperative actions required to communicate, mitigate, adapt and reduce risks, and how to finance climate resilient development. Panelists also addressed the outcomes of the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 ºC (SR15) and the upcoming UN Global Sustainable Development Report (GSDR), set to be released in 2019. Ione Anderson, IAI, introduced the event, announcing that her organization is launching a communication competition to raise awareness on the SR15 and GSDR. Bettina Schmalzbauer, German Committee Future Earth Executive Director, moderated the event. Luis Alfonso de Alba, Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for the 2019 Climate Summit, said the Summit will elevate climate change to the highest level on the environment agenda, and will allow for accelerated climate action required to mitigate climate-related disasters. Thelma Krug, IPCC Vice-Chair, discussed the linkages between the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement, drawing from the SR15. She cited a chapter addressing sustainable development, poverty eradication and the reduction of inequalities, and emphasized that, if unchecked, current climate trajectories will increase the likelihood of not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, GSDR, emphasized the linkages between climate action and sustainable development, saying the development models in the next decade will influence the way climate will evolve. He pointed to synergies in energy efficiency in the building sector that offer reduction of energy bills and pollution, and enhance human wellbeing. Daniela Jacob, IPCC, said the last five decades have seen the intensification of climate change impacts, observed through intensified extreme event,s such as floods and droughts. She said that in a 2ºC scenario, losses would be observed in all sectors, including the loss of agricultural land caused by salt intrusion due to sea-level rise. Douglas Leys, Green Climate Fund (GCF), said his institution has observed that transformative adaptation can be achieved. The Fund, he said, can help achieve 1.5°C goals by supporting country-driven paradigm shifts towards low emission and climate-resilient development pathways. Luis Alfonso de Alba, Special Envoy of the UN Secretary-General for the 2019 Climate Summit Jean-Pascal van Ypersele, GSDR, said we have no choice but to transform to sustainable development models. Thelma Krug, IPCC Vice-Chair, said net effects of mitigation or adaptation actions will depend on, among other things, the pace and magnitude of the actions and the composition of the mitigation portfolio Bettina Schmalzbauer, Executive Director, German Committee Future Earth, moderated the session. Douglas Leys, GCF, discussed ways in which new scientific knowledge on different mitigation pathways can guide GCF projects on the ground and contribute to policies for long-term sustainable decisions. Daniela Jacob, IPCC, said every increase in temperature counts, and affects all aspects of life. Ione Anderson, Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research Participants listen to panelists CONTACT Ione Anderson, Inter-American Institute for Global Change Research (IAI) | ianderson@dir.iai.int MORE INFORMATION http://www.iai.int Science and Policy Must Come Together to Successfully Implement Countries’ NDCs Presented by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), Cornell University, and Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) L-R: Timothy Thomas, IFPRI; Allison Chatrchyan, Cornell University; Catherine Mungai, CCAFS; Diana Haruyunyan, UNDP Armenia; J. Angelina Espinosa, Ministry of Agriculture, Chile; and Carolina Balian, Ministry of Agriculture, Uruguay This event explored the implementation of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) in the agriculture sector across scales, and posed questions about how agriculture and climate researchers can most effectively interact with policymakers. Timothy Thomas, IFPRI, presented the results of a seven-year study on the impacts of climate change on agriculture in Central America. He called attention to the negative impacts of climate change on crop production, stressing that impacts are not evenly distributed across regions, and that NDCs must therefore mirror the diversity of effects. Angelina Espinosa, Ministry of Agriculture, Chile, presented Chile’s NDCs on agricultural mitigation and adaptation. Stressing that, while actions are important, impact measurement and monitoring are key to generating resilience in agriculture. She cited Chile’s National Adaptation Plan, which is structured such that future resilience policy is iteratively informed by monitoring results. Carolina Balian, Ministry of Agriculture, Uruguay, highlighted her country’s livestock sector as both vulnerable to climate change and an important area for emission reductions. She noted that Uruguay is developing a sectoral adaptation plan for agriculture. Raising the persistent challenge of obtaining high-quality activity data, she nevertheless emphasized that mitigation, adaptation and agricultural productivity can be synergetic. Diana Harutyunyan, UN Development Programme (UNDP) Armenia, presented water management in Armenia as an example of the drivers of “evident and very hurtful” agricultural losses. Supporting proactive rather than reactive support schemes, she drew close links between food security and national security, and noted the important role of extension services in connecting policy and practitioners. Catherine Mungai, CCAFS, described her organization’s Policy Action for Climate Change Adaptation in East Africa (PACCA) project, which includes non-state actors and smaller-scale parties in discussions around climate change and agriculture. She also cited CCAFS’ Climate Smart Villages programme, which allows policymakers to observe climate-smart agricultural practices in action. Allison Chatrchyan, Cornell University, addressed the challenge of scaling up climate-smart agriculture when disparity exists between locally-specific adaptation requirements and global mitigation policies. She called for more policy support from research institutions, underlining that the challenge was not in developing support mechanisms, but in implementing them, adding that “we know what we need to do.” In the ensuing discussion, participants discussed, among others: financial instruments necessary for agricultural adaptation and resilience; the importance of support for and by research institutes in incorporating adaptation in NDCs; acknowledging the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, and the necessity of including them in decision-making processes; and the challenges of communicating science to agriculture policymakers. Timothy Thomas, IFPRI, stressed the importance of developing successful adaptation practices for farmers, saying that “resilience now can equate to resilience in the future.” Carolina Balian, Ministry of Agriculture, Uruguay. J. Angelina Espinosa, Ministry of Agriculture, Chile, noted that Chile’s NDC commitments for emission reductions in agriculture could become even more ambitious with international support. Diana Haruyunyan, UNDP Armenia, highlighted the role of extension services in connecting climate adaptation policy to practitioners in the agriculture sector, saying that “scientific knowledge must be nationally embedded.” Citing Nobel laureate and political economist Elinor Ostrom, Allison Chatrchyan, Cornell University, argued that nested scales of global to local policies are necessary to transform agriculture within a changing climate. Catherine Mungai, CCAFS Participants during the event CONTACT Allison Chatrchyan | amc256@cornell.edu MORE INFORMATION https://www.cgiar.org/ www.ifpri.org Making Climate Action More Transparent and Ambitious: Lessons Learned From the NDCs Presented by the German Development Institute (DIE) L-R: Angel Hsu, Yale University; Pieter Pauw, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management; Arunabha Ghosh, Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW); Clara Brandi, German Development Institute (DIE); Saleemul Huq, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED); and Niklas Höhne, NewClimate Institute This event was grounded in the notion that current nationally determined contributions (NDCs) lack sufficient ambition and clarity for achieving the goals of the Paris Agreement. Moderated by Arunabha Ghosh, CEEW, the panelists shared preliminary findings for a special issue of Climate Policy, which aim to help improve future NDCs. Pieter Pauw, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, stressed the importance of climate finance and support, noting that 134 NDCs are conditional upon receiving additional finance. He highlighted that the estimated cost of implementing existing NDCs exceeds the USD 100 billion per year of climate finance that has been pledged for 2020-2030. Angel Hsu, Yale University, articulated the importance of non-state actors to climate mitigation, pointing to research suggesting they can plug much of the ‘emissions gap’ between NDCs and pathways that will limit warming to 1.5 or 2ºC. She also noted that while few Annex 1 countries mention non-state actors in their NDCs, most non-Annex 1 countries do, especially in reference to adaptation. Making this reference, she suggested, is key to facilitating the link between state and non-state actors. Niklas Höhne, NewClimate Institute, shared research on lessons learned from the process of NDC preparation, saying that it has kick-started national mitigation policy processes. He also argued that political momentum for NDC development must be maintained, and highlighted translating high-level considerations to the sectoral level as the key challenge for creating the next NDCs. Saleemul Huq, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), pointed out that while including adaptation in NDCs was optional, most countries did. He argued that the ability to adapt is not necessarily tied to wealth and that rich communities and countries have much to learn from the poor, who are often forced to develop adaptive capacity due to having faced climate impacts with more regularity. Clara Brandi, DIE, presented on the relationship between the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and NDCs, highlighting many overlaps between the two, while also drawing attention to room for improved policy coherence. Future NDCs, she suggested, could become more ambitious by taking into account national sustainable development strategies. In the discussion, participants considered the NDC financing gap, noting that while it may appear huge, there are reasons to believe it may decrease due to technology development. They also noted that the ‘global goal’ for adaptation has yet to be defined and that this should be a priority for adaptation researchers. Participants also raised the point that in examining NDCs, we should not lose sight of actual national climate policies, which are ultimately more important. Pieter Pauw, Frankfurt School of Finance and Management, posed the question of whether conditional NDCs are a foothold for equity or an “Achilles’ heel.” Angel Hsu, Yale University, highlighted the Talanoa Dialogue as key for incorporating the important mitigation contribution of non-state actors. Niklas Höhne, NewClimate Institute, said that assessing financial support needs and potential co-benefits were two of the key difficulties during NDC preparation. Arunabha Ghosh, CEEW, moderated the event. CONTACT Pieter Pauw, DIE | p.pauw@fs.de MORE INFORMATION www.die-gdi.de/en/ Community Based Adaptation in Islands: Recycling Plastic to Mitigate Climate Change Presented by Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Environmental Quality Protection Foundation (EQPF) and theTaiwan Institute for Sustainable Energy (TAISE) Family photo with panelists at the end of the event This event highlighted the vulnerability of island coastal areas and ecosystems to climate change, and examined island partnership schemes that build ecosystem resilience through a community awareness and livelihood sustainability-recycling programme. Cheryl Jeffers, Department of Environment, Saint Kitts and Nevis, moderated this event. She reported that plastic waste management is an emerging problem for her country, due to the high dependence on single-use plastic bags and bottles. She welcomed the support and collaboration provided to her country for recycling plastics. Tao-Sheng Lee, EQPF, shared experiences from the Taiwan Forestry Bureau in the rehabilitation and management of forests, which account for 60.7% of the country’s landmass. He said sustainable management of forests in collaboration with communities in Taiwan has ensured integrity of forest ecosystems, while preserving the rights of indigenous peoples. I-Chan Cheng, EQPF, noted the Foundation’s efforts to provide innovative education to schoolchildren on environmental issues and said that the focus on climate education came as a result of responding to Article 12 of the Paris Agreement. He stressed that they are trying to combine children’s rights and environmental sustainability using principles from the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). He noted that children are encouraged to share their opinion and get more involved in environmental education and urged more educators to join this endeavor. He also said that the CRC could link the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) together. Alex Shyy, International Cooperation and Development Fund (ICDF), said that ICDF has 84 ongoing projects in 38 countries and is cooperating with various partners. He stressed the difference between small island developing states (SIDS) and non-SIDS regarding production losses from natural disasters, with the Caribbean ranking third. He presented two case studies in Saint Kitts and Nevis, describing how Taiwanese meteorologists and agriculture specialists helped to enhance the country's capacity in adapting to climate change. Yuh-Ming Lee, Center for Corporate Sustainability, TAISE, outlined Taiwan’s low-technology adaptation measures to respond to floods, including through improvement of evacuation routes and early warning system, and to overcome overheating through cooling and preserving vegetation. He said that Taiwan’s “Four-in-One Recycling Programme” has contributed to hazard mitigation and climate change adaptation, involving government, manufacturers, consumers and licensed recycling enterprises. In the ensuing discussion, participants discussed the role of the private sector in Taiwan’s experience and opportunities for South-South cooperation. L-R: Alex Shyy, ICDF; Yuh-Ming Lee, TAISE; Eugene Chien, Chairman, TAISE; Cheryl Jeffers, Department of Environment, Saint Kitts and Nevis; Tao-Sheng Lee, EQPF; and I-Chan Cheng, EQPF Cheryl Jeffers, Department of Environment, Saint Kitts and Nevis, moderated this event. Tao-Sheng Lee, EQPF, said that people are a key to forest resource management in Taiwan. Eugene Chien, Chairman, TAISE, introduced the panel presentations. I-Chan Cheng, EQPF, stressed that writing and other forms of activity can be a powerful tool to improve creativity in the school environment on climate education. Yuh-Ming Lee, TAISE, highlighted Taiwan’s “per-bag trash fee” initiative as an effective policy tool to increase recycling volume. Alex Shyy, ICDF, noted that the impact of climate disasters in agriculture worldwide resulted in USD 93 billion of losses as a result of declines in crop and livestock production between 2005 and 2014. Hanan El-Amin Muddathir, Environmental Initiative for Sustainable Development (Envl), Sudan, asks a question to Alex Shyy CONTACT June Hughes (Saint Kitts and Nevis) | ccodoe@sisterisles.kn Szu Chi Kao (EQPF) | ted.eqpf@gmail.com Yuh-Ming Lee (TAISE) | yml@gm.ntpu.edu.tw MORE INFORMATION http://www.eqpf.org/en/Site/index.html http://taise.org.tw/en/ Around the Venue