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22nd Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) and 2nd Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI 2)
of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)

2-7 and 9-13 July 2018 | Montreal, Canada

Summary Highlights of the Meeting

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Report:
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2 Jul
3 Jul
4 Jul
5 Jul
6 Jul
7 Jul
9 Jul
10 Jul
11 Jul
12 Jul
Summary
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Daily Web CoverageAbout | 2 Jul | 3 Jul | 4 Jul | 5 Jul | 6 Jul | 7 Jul | 9 Jul | 10 Jul | 11 Jul | 12 Jul | 13 Jul | Summary

Participants from the Global Youth Biodiversity Network

Highlights for Friday, 13 July 2018

On Friday, delegates to the second meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI 2) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) finalized discussions on a conference room paper on biodiversity mainstreaming, and adopted 20 recommendations to the 14th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD, the third meeting of the parties to the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing (ABS) and the ninth meeting of the parties to the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, which will convene in November 2018 in Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt.

After adopting the report of the meeting and hearing closing statements, SBI 2 closed at 1:05 pm.

ENB Summary and Analysis: The Earth Negotiations Bulletin summary and analysis of SBSTTA 22 and SBI 2 will be available on Monday, 16 July 2018 at http://enb.iisd.org/biodiv/sbstta22-sbi2/

IISD Reporting Services, through its ENB Meeting Coverage, has provided daily web coverage, daily reports, and a summary and analysis from SBSTTA 22 and SBI 2.

Photos by IISD/ENB | Franz Dejon
For photo reprint permissions, please follow instructions at our Attribution Regulations for Meeting Photo Usage Page



L-R: Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, CBD Secretariat; SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda); and CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper


Gillian Guthrie, Jamaica


Han de Koeijer, EU


Hidenobu Maekawa, Japan


Natalhie Campos-Reales Pineda, Mexico


L-R: Hamdallah Zedan and Moustafa Fouda, Egypt


Rosemary Paterson, New Zealand

Prudence Tangham Galega, Cameroon

Edda Fernández Luiselli, Mexico


Saleh Naghmush Al-Saadi, Oman

Soonhwan Hwang, Republic of Korea

Oleg Borodin, Belarus


L-R: Hesiquio Benítez Díaz, Mexico, with CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer, drew Guyana as the first in the order of seating arrangements for COP 14



Elena Makeyeva
, SBI 2 Rapporteur (Belarus)

CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer


A video message from Yasmine Fouad, Minister of Environment, Egypt



SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda) gaveled the meeting to a close at 1:05 pm


Highlights for Thursday, 12 July 2018

On Thursday, SBI 2 delegates met in plenary in the morning, afternoon, and evening, and addressed conference room papers (CRPs) on:

  • mainstreaming of biodiversity within and across sectors and other strategic actions to enhance implementation;
  • resource mobilization, including elements of methodological guidance for identifying, monitoring and assessing the contribution of indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) to the achievement of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity and the Aichi Targets, and taking the voluntary guidelines on safeguards in biodiversity financing mechanisms into account when selecting, designing and implementing financing mechanisms and when developing instrument-specific safeguards;
  • global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism under the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing (ABS);
  • capacity building, technical and scientific cooperation and technology transfer;
  • national reporting, and assessment and review, under the Convention and its Protocols;
  • the trust fund for facilitating the participation of parties in the Convention process;
  • mechanisms to facilitate review of implementation;
  • integration of Article 8(j) and provisions related to IPLCs in the work of the Convention and its Protocols;
  • review of the effectiveness of processes under the Convention and its Protocols;
  • monitoring and reporting under Article 33 of the Biosafety Protocol;
  • national reporting under the Convention and its Protocols;
  • specialized international ABS instruments in the context of Article 4(4) of the Nagoya Protocol;
  • review of implementation of the financial mechanism;
  • proposals for a comprehensive and participatory process for the preparation of the post-2020 global biodiversity framework; and
  • cooperation with other conventions, international organizations and partnerships.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Thursday, 12 July 2018



Laure Ledoux
, EU

Shirin Karryeva, Turkmenistan



Nicky Black
, International Council on Mining and Metals

Elizabeth Munro, Cook Islands


Luciano Donadio, Argentina

Rosemary Paterson, New Zealand

Jorge Murillo, Colombia


Gaute Voigt-Hanssen, Norway

Stephanie Aktipis, US

Edison Mayorga, Venezuela



CBD Secretariat staff advising SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda)



Delegates from South Africa consulting



L-R: Erie Tamale, CBD Secretariat; and SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda)

L-R: Alissa Takesy, Federated States of Micronesia; and Joan Yang, Palau


Highlights for Wednesday, 11 July 2018

Delegates to the second meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI 2) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continued their deliberations on Wednesday, considering the following agenda items:

  • cooperation with other conventions, international organizations, and partnerships;
  • mechanisms for review of implementation;
  • national reporting, and assessment and review, under the Convention and its Protocols;
  • enhancing integration under the Convention and its Protocols with respect to provisions related to access and benefit-sharing, biosafety, and Article 8(j) (traditional knowledge);
  • review of the effectiveness of the processes under the Convention and its Protocols; and
  • the trust fund for facilitating participation of parties in the Convention process: allocation of resources and possibilities of engaging the private sector.

Delegates then addressed conference room papers (CRPs) on: progress in the implementation of the Convention and its Strategic Plan, including the Gender Plan of Action; assessment and review of the Nagoya Protocol; and biodiversity mainstreaming.

A contact group on specialized international ABS instruments, and the Friends of the Chair group on the follow-up to the Strategic Plan met throughout the day and in the evening.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Wednesday, 11 July 2018



Genene Tefera Belihu
, Ethiopia

Christine von Weizsäcker, ECOROPA



Mohammed Mehdi
, Morocco

Atelaite Matoto, Tonga



Matthieu Seydoux
, Switzerland

Grecia Bárcena, Global Youth Biodiversity Network


Nermalie Lita, the Philippines

Oleg Borodin, Belarus

Elzbieta Martyniuk, Poland


Jerry Harrison, UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre

June Batang-ay, Tebtebba Foundation

Tim Hirsch, Global Biodiversity Information Facility



Plenary view of the SBI 2 proceedings



L-R: Cyrie Sendashonga, IUCN; and Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, CBD Secretariat



L-R: Hamdallah Zedan, Egypt, with Catalina Santamaria and Fabiana Spinelli, CBD Secretariat


Highlights for Tuesday, 10 July 2018

Delegates to the second meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI 2) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continued their deliberations on Tuesday, considering the following agenda items:

  • preparation for the follow-up to the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020;
  • a global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism under the Nagoya Protocol on ABS;
  • specialized international ABS instruments under Nagoya Protocol Article 4(4);
  • resource mobilization;
  • the financial mechanism; and
  • capacity building, technical and scientific cooperation, and technology transfer.

An evening contact group met to consider the global multilateral benefit-sharing mechanism.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Tuesday, 10 July 2018


L-R: CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper; Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, CBD Secretariat; and SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda)



Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, CBD Secretariat

CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer



Yibin Xiang
, CBD Secretariat

SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda)


Victor Cantón, Uruguay

Katia Karousakis, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Tobias Kiene, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture


Daniel Hougendobler, World Health Organization

Crisanta Marlene Rodriguez, the Philippines

Mohammad Mahasneh, Palestine



Ines Verleye
, Belgium

Mark Zimsky, Global Environment Facility


L-R: Luis Ventura-Martinez and Samantha Hautea, Cornell University

L-R: Clara Prip, CBD Secretariat; and Christian Prip, Fridtjof Nansen Institute

Highlights for Monday, 9 July 2018

The second meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Implementation (SBI 2) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) opened on Monday, following the 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) and a Sunday seminar on transformational change for the biodiversity agenda.

Delegates heard opening remarks, addressed organizational matters, and engaged in discussions on:

  • review of progress in the implementation of the Convention and the Strategic Plan 2011-2020;
  • assessment and review of the effectiveness of the Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit-sharing (ABS); and
  • mainstreaming of biodiversity within and across sectors, and other strategic actions to enhance implementation.

In the evening, an opening reception was held on the theme “Indigenous peoples, local communities and the future of biodiversity.”

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Monday, 9 July 2018


SBI 2 participants were welcomed by a traditional Mohawk performance during a reception hosted by the
CBD Secretariat


L-R: Roberta Bondar, Canada's first female astronaut, and founder, Roberta Bondar Foundation; Jyoti Mathur-Filipp, CBD Secretariat; SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal (Uganda); Jorge Carlos Hurtado Valdez, Vice Minister, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico; CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer; and CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper



Jorge Carlos Hurtado Valdez, Vice Minister, Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources, Mexico

SBI 2 Chair Francis Ogwal



CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer

Jiří Hlaváček, UN Environment Programme (UNEP)


SBI 2 keynote speaker, Roberta Bondar, Canada's first female astronaut, and founder, Roberta Bondar Foundation


View of a presentation by Roberta Bondar, Canada's first female astronaut, and founder, Roberta Bondar Foundation


Belal Alhayek, Syrian Arab Republic

Eugenia Arguedas Montezuma, Costa Rica

Jesus Guerra Bell, Cuba


Soonhwan Hwang, Republic of Korea

Prudence Tangham Galega, Cameroon

Wolfram Tertschnig, Austria, for the EU


View of a presentation on mainstreaming biodiversity by UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre (UNEP-WCMC) and African Wildlife Foundation


Highlights for Saturday, 7 July 2018

The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) concluded its work Saturday. In the morning, parties considered the remaining conference room papers (CRPs) on:

•       Risk assessment and risk management of living modified organisms;
•       Marine and coastal biodiversity; and
•       Digital sequence information.

In the afternoon, SBSTTA 22 adopted all ten draft recommendations to forward to the fourteenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in November 2018.

After adopting the report of the meeting and hearing closing statements, SBSTTA 22 closed at 6:43 pm.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Tuesday, 9 July 2018


L-R: Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim; CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper; Jacqueline Grekin, CBD Secretariat; and Jihyun Lee, CBD Secretariat



Yuri Kato
, Japan

Georgina Catacora-Vargas, Bolivia



Gillian Guthrie
, Jamaica

Anne Teller, EU


L-R: Marie-May Muzungaile, Seychelles; and Snežana Prokić, Serbia


R.H.M.P. Abeykoon, Sri Lanka

Jesse Verhalle, Belgium

Parveen Ejaz, Pakistan


Leo Fidjeland, University of the Arts London

John Clorley, UK

François Lengrand, France


L-R: CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer; Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim; and CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper


CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer

Samuel Dieme, SBSTTA 22 Rapporteur


SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim gaveled the meeting to a close at 6:43 pm


L-R: Samuel Dieme, SBSTTA 22 Rapporteur; Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer; SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim; and CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper


Highlights for Friday, 6 July 2018

The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continued Friday with the consideration of conference room papers (CRPs) based on the discussions held earlier in the week. CRPs were discussed in plenary during morning, afternoon, and evening sessions on the following agenda items:

  • Protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures;
  • Invasive alien species;
  • Conservation and sustainable use of pollinators;
  • The second work programme of the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES); and
  • Biodiversity and climate change.

The contact group on digital sequence information met at lunchtime. A Friends of the Chair meeting to resolve three outstanding paragraphs in the CRP on synthetic biology also met and reported back to plenary on Friday night.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Friday, 6 July 2018


L-R: Gillian Guthrie, Jamaica, and Lorenzo Ciccarese, Italy


Kim Downes Agard, Barbados

Moustafa Fouda, Egypt


Frank Barsch, Germany

Malta Qwathekana, South Africa


L-R: Sonia Peña Moreno and Dao Nguyen, IUCN

L-R: Asako Kobayashi, Nobuyuki Fujita and Rie Funabiki, Japan


L-R: Pam Chasek, IISD Reporting Services; and Harry Jonas, Natural Justice

L-R: Silvia Ribeiro and Jim (the Pirate) Thomas, ETC Group


Highlights for Thursday, 5 July 2018

The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continued Thursday with the consideration of conference room papers (CRPs) based on the discussions held earlier in the week. CRPs were discussed in plenary on the following agenda items:

  • Updated scientific assessment of progress towards selected Aichi Biodiversity Targets and options to accelerate progress; and
  • Synthetic biology.

A Friends of the Co-Chairs group met in the morning on digital sequence information. The contact group on risk assessment met over lunch and in the evening. The contact group on marine and coastal biodiversity also convened in the evening.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Thursday, 5 July 2018



SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim

Robert Höft, CBD Secretariat


Yuri Kato, Japan

Vin Fleming, UK


L-R: CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper and Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat


Scott Wilson, Canada

Fionna Cumming, New Zealand


Boukar Attari, Niger

Jaime Grubb, Australia


L-R: Georgina Catacora-Vargas, Bolivia; and Edison Mayorga, Venezuela


L-R: Johanna Niemivuo-Lahti, Finland; Cristina Romanelli, CBD Secretariat; and Marina von Weissenberg, Finland

L-R: Suneetha Subramanian, International Partnership for the Satoyama Initiative (IPSI); and Clarissa Arida, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity


Highlights for Wednesday, 4 July 2018

The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) reached its halfway point Wednesday in Montreal. Delegates engaged in discussions on the following agenda items:

  • Biodiversity and climate change: ecosystem-based approaches to climate change adaptation and disaster risk reduction;
  • Invasive alien species;
  • Conservation and sustainable use of pollinators; and
  • The second work programme of the Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES).

.A contact group on risk assessment and risk management of living modified organisms met during the lunch break, and contact groups on digital sequence information, and marine and coastal biodiversity met in the evening.

For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

+ Visit the web coverage for Wednesday, 4 July 2018


L-R: Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; Sigurdur Thrainsson (Iceland), SBSTTA Bureau; and Lisa Janishevski, CBD Secretariat


Marie Haraldstad, Norway

Lisama Sabry, Maldives


Adam van Opzeeland, New Zealand

Luciano Donadio, Argentina


L-R: Anne Teller and Karin Zaunberger, EU


L-R: Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; Senka Barudanovic (Bosnia and Herzegovina), SBSTTA Bureau; Junko Shimura, CBD Secretariat; and Sarat Babu Gidda, CBD Secretariat


T. Rabikumar, India

Hesiquio Benítez Díaz, Mexico


Helena Brown, Antigua and Barbuda

Georgina Catacora-Vargas, Bolivia


L-R: Mohammed Mobarak Alshamlan and Faisal Shuraim, Saudi Arabia

L-R: Glenn Litsios, Eva Spehn, and Norbert Bärlocher, Switzerland



Junko Shimura, CBD Secretariat, with delegates from the Pacific Island states


Highlights for Tuesday, 3 July 2018

The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) continued Tuesday in Montreal. Delegates engaged in discussions on the following agenda items:

  • Updated scientific assessment of progress towards selected Aichi Biodiversity Targets and options to accelerate progress;
  • Protected areas and other measures for enhanced conservation and management (OECMs); and
  • Marine and coastal biodiversity: ecologically or biologically significant marine areas (EBSAs), addressing anthropogenic underwater noise and marine debris, biodiversity in cold-water areas and marine spatial planning.
  • A contact group on risk assessment and risk management of living modified organisms met in the evening.

    For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

    + Visit the web coverage for Tuesday, 3 July 2018


    L-R: CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper; Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; Eugenia Arguedas Montezuma (Costa Rica), SBSTTA Bureau ; Robert Höft, CBD Secretariat


    SBSTTA plenary listening to presentations on IPBES assessment reports


    Eugenia Arguedas Montezuma (Costa Rica), SBSTTA Bureau

    Sonali Senaratna Sellamuttu, Co-Chair, IPBES Regional Assessment for Asia Pacific


    Nichole Barger, Coordinating Lead Author, IPBES Land Degradation Assessment

    Mark Rounsevell, Co-Chair IPBES Regional Assessment for Europe and Central Asia


    Scott Wilson, Canada

    Somaly Chan, Cambodia

    Xu Jing, China


    Luciana Melchert, Brazil

    Jeremy Woon Ren Wei, Singapore

    Snežana Prokic, Serbia


    Jane Smart, IUCN

    Anne Larigauderie, IPBES Executive Secretary


    L-R: Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; Adams Toussaint (Saint Lucia), SBSTTA Bureau; and Sarat Babu Gidda, CBD Secretariat


    Glenn Litsios, Switzerland


    Angella Kabira, Zimbabwe


    L-R: Jeremy Woon Rei Wen, Singapore; Elpidio Peria, ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity; and June Batang-ay, Tebtebba Foundation


    Highlights for Monday, 2 July 2018

    The 22nd meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA 22) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) opened Monday morning, 2 July 2018, in Montreal, Canada. SBSTTA Chair Theresa Mundita Lim (Philippines) implored delegates to focus on the provision of scientific, technical, and technological advice, rather than politics. CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Pașca Palmer highlighted that while significant progress has been made, biodiversity loss is continuing at alarming rates.

    Following the opening plenary, delegates engaged in discussions on the following agenda items:

  • Digital sequence information on genetic resources (DSI);
  • Risk assessment and risk management of living modified organisms (LMOs); and
  • Synthetic biology.
  • For extensive details on the day’s negotiations and to hear what delegates said in the corridors, see our daily Earth Negotiations Bulletin.

    + Visit the web coverage for Monday, 2 July 2018


    L-R: Worku Damena Yifru, CBD Secretariat; Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; SBSTTA 22 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim, the Philippines; CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer; and CBD Deputy Executive Secretary David Cooper


    SBSTTA 21 Chair Theresa Mundita Lim, the Philippines

    CBD Executive Secretary Cristiana Paşca Palmer


    Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat

    Samuel Dieme, Rapporteur


    Andreas Obrecht, UNEP


    Gabriele Obermayr, Austria, on behalf of the EU


    Marthin Kasaona, Namibia


    Ilham Atho Mohamed, Maldives


    L-R: Alexander Shestakov, CBD Secretariat; Ilham Atho Mohamed (Maldives), SBSTTA Bureau; and Manoela Pessoa de Miranda, CBD Secretariat


    Hamdallah Zedan, Egypt


    Liu Yan, China


    L-R: Abdul-Hakim Aulaiah, Yemen; Belal Alhayek, Syria; and Raed Bani-Hani, Jordan, in informal
    discussions on synthetic biology


    L-R: Kimo Goree, Vice President IISD; Elfriede Anna More, Austria; and Horst Korn, Germany


    L-R: Sugeng Harmono, Andri Wahyono, Endah Ambarwati, Lulu Agustina,
    and Dirhansyah Conbul, Indonesia



    Daily Web CoverageAbout | 2 Jul | 3 Jul | 4 Jul | 5 Jul | 6 Jul | 7 Jul | 9 Jul | 10 Jul | 11 Jul | 12 Jul | 13 Jul | Summary

    IISD Reporting Services is grateful to the many donors of the Earth Negotiations Bulletin (ENB) and recognizes the following as core contributors to the ENB: the European Union and the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. General Support for the Bulletin during 2018 is provided by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), Italian Ministry for the Environment, Land and Sea, Japanese Ministry of Environment (through the Institute for Global Environmental Strategies - IGES), New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Swedish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Government of Switzerland (Swiss Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), and SWAN International. Funding for translation of the Bulletin into French has been provided by the Government of France, Wallonia, Québec, and the Institute of La Francophonie for Sustainable Development (IFDD), a subsidiary body of the International Organization of La Francophonie (OIF).